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Heptanal, a plant volatile, reduced the olfactory receptor neuron response to sex pheromones in the noctuid moth, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) ( Deisig et al., 2012).

litura moths to pheromones ( Fang et al., 2018).

Racemic linalool significantly decreased the attraction of male S. While some volatiles were found to be synergistic, some host and nonhost volatiles were found to inhibit the attraction of pheromones. Recent studies have also explored the possibilities of using the synergistic attractiveness effect of plant volatiles to sex pheromones in Spodoptera litura Fab., a polyphagous pest ( Fang et al., 2018). The positive synergistic impacts of host volatiles on aggregation and sex pheromones have been well documented in many insects and reviewed by Reddy and Guerrero (2004). phoenicis ( Jaffé et al., 1993 Rochat et al., 2000). This has been subsequently used as a synergist to enhance pheromone trap catches baited with rhyncophorol and mixed with ethyl acetate for the management of R. Volatile esters such as ethyl acetate from the host not only induce the release of the pheromone but are also crucial in activating the pheromone after release. The African palm weevil Rynchophorus phoenicis F., a pest of the oil palm Elaeis quineensis Jacq., produces the pheromone (E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhyncophorol).

In some, the pheromone produced becomes active only when it blends with host plant volatiles. The classic example is the sequestration of compounds by larvae of Utetheisa ornatrix (Linnaeus) from its host Crotalaria spectabilis Roth and its use by adults to produce pheromones ( Conner, Roach, Benedict, Meinwald, & Eisner, 1990). Many insects utilize host plant chemicals to produce their pheromones. Naganna Repelle, in Climate Change and Crop Stress, 2022 13.4.2 Plant volatiles and pheromones